Rekonstruksi Konsep Abolisi Perspektif Hukum Islam: Telaah Ushul Fikih, Maqashid Syariah, dan Dinamika Pembaruan Hukum

Abstract

The term "abolition" in modern legal tradition is generally understood as the elimination, annulment, or suspension of a norm, sanction, or legal practice. However, in Islamic legal scholarship, this term is not a standard piece of terminology; rather, it has conceptual equivalents dispersed across various Islamic legal instruments, such as naskh, iqālah, khiyār, ibrā', and various mechanisms of legal change grounded in maqāṣid al-sharī'ah. This study aims to analyze the concept of abolition from the perspective of Islamic law, explain its epistemological construction in uṣūl al-fiqh, and examine its implementation in contemporary Islamic legal reform. The study employs a normative legal research method with conceptual, historical, and comparative approaches, conducted through library research of uṣūl al-fiqh and fiqh literature, maqāṣid al-sharī'ah, Islamic economic law, and various studies on Islamic legal reform. The findings indicate that the concept of abolition in Islamic law cannot be understood as a single doctrine of legal elimination, but rather constitutes a spectrum of legal mechanisms that differ according to their object and regulatory purpose. At the level of uṣūl al-fiqh, abolition bears close conceptual proximity to the theory of naskh, although scholars diverge regarding its scope, forms, and applicability. In contemporary thought, the concept has been reinterpreted through the maqāṣid al-sharī'ah approach, systems approach, and the theory of sharī'ah evolution, which positions legal change as a process of adaptation to public interest without eliminating the authority of revelation. In the domain of fiqh mu'āmalah, abolition is manifested through mechanisms of contract cancellation (iqālah), option rights (khiyār), debt remission (ibrā'), and various forms of legal relationship resolution that uphold the principles of justice, mutual consent, and legal certainty. Furthermore, in the context of public policy, the concept of abolition is also employed as an instrument of restriction or suspension of legal enforcement based on considerations of public interest (maṣlaḥah), as seen in pandemic management policies and family law reform in several Muslim-majority countries. This study concludes that abolition in the perspective of Islamic law is a multidimensional concept that must be understood based on the object of law, mechanism of change, and its methodological legitimacy through uṣūl al-fiqh and maqāṣid al-sharī'ah.

Istilah abolisi dalam tradisi hukum modern umumnya dipahami sebagai penghapusan, pembatalan, atau penghentian keberlakuan suatu norma, sanksi, maupun praktik hukum. Namun demikian, dalam khazanah hukum Islam istilah tersebut bukan merupakan terminologi baku, melainkan memiliki padanan konseptual yang tersebar dalam berbagai instrumen hukum Islam, seperti naskh, iqālah, khiyār, ibrā', serta berbagai mekanisme perubahan hukum yang berlandaskan maqāṣid al-syarī'ah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konsep abolisi dalam perspektif hukum Islam, menjelaskan konstruksi epistemologisnya dalam ushul fikih, serta mengkaji implementasinya dalam reformasi hukum Islam kontemporer. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach), pendekatan historis (historical approach), dan pendekatan komparatif (comparative approach) melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap literatur ushul fikih, fikih, maqāṣid al-syarī'ah, hukum ekonomi syariah, serta berbagai penelitian mengenai pembaruan hukum Islam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep abolisi dalam hukum Islam tidak dapat dipahami sebagai satu doktrin tunggal mengenai penghapusan hukum, melainkan merupakan spektrum mekanisme hukum yang berbeda sesuai objek dan tujuan pengaturannya. Pada tataran ushul fikih, abolisi memiliki kedekatan konseptual dengan teori naskh, meskipun para ulama berbeda pendapat mengenai ruang lingkup, bentuk, dan keberlakuannya. Dalam perkembangan pemikiran kontemporer, konsep tersebut mengalami reinterpretasi melalui pendekatan maqāṣid al-syarī'ah, systems approach, dan teori evolusi syariah yang menempatkan perubahan hukum sebagai proses penyesuaian terhadap kemaslahatan tanpa menghilangkan otoritas wahyu. Pada bidang fikih muamalah, abolisi diwujudkan melalui mekanisme pembatalan akad (iqālah), hak memilih (khiyār), pembebasan utang (ibrā'), serta berbagai bentuk penyelesaian hubungan hukum yang tetap menjunjung prinsip keadilan, kerelaan para pihak, dan kepastian hukum. Selain itu, dalam konteks kebijakan publik, konsep abolisi juga digunakan sebagai instrumen pembatasan atau penangguhan penerapan hukum berdasarkan pertimbangan kemaslahatan, seperti dalam kebijakan penanggulangan pandemi maupun reformasi hukum keluarga di beberapa negara Muslim. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa abolisi dalam perspektif hukum Islam merupakan konsep multidimensional yang harus dipahami berdasarkan objek hukum, mekanisme perubahan, dan legitimasi metodologisnya melalui ushul fikih dan maqāṣid al-syarī'ah.